>Question 1:

Question 1:

What do you think are the most important advances in nuclear reaction dynamics in the Fermi energy regime that you have been involved with during the past twenty years?

D.H.E. Gross:

*The appearance of convex intruders in the microcanonical entropy S(E) at phase transitions if first order, which demonstrate the inability of conventional statistical mechanics (--> Yang-Lee singularity) to treat correctly the original purpose of thermodynamics to handle steam engines.

I work since long on this very fundamental issue which got its main motivation from the application of statistics to the decay of hot nuclei.

(See my WEB page) The most recent papers are among many others:

D.H.E. Gross. /"Microcanonical thermodynamics: Phase transitions in "Small" systems/", volume 66 of /Lecture Notes in Physics/. World Scientific, Singapore, 2001.**

D.H.E. Gross. "Phase transitions in "Small" systems - a challenge for thermodynamics". /Nucl.Phys./, A681:366c-373c, 2001; http://arXiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0006087.

D.H.E. Gross. "A new thermodynamics, from nuclei to stars". http://arXiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0306499, 2003*

Scott Pratt:

I think the advances can be split into two parts:

a) The observation of a sharp change in reaction mechanisms at E/A ~ 50 MeV

b) The measurement of the EOS

Since Pawel/Bill/Roy wrote a very nice review article about (b) I won't go into the EOS progress.

I find that there appears to be multiple observables which change at the same energy. For instance sphericity: Llope et al., Phys. Rev. C 52, 1900-1914 (1995) and charge correlations: N. T. B. Stone, W. J. Llope, and G. D. Westfall Phys. Rev. C 51, 3157-3161 (1995)

There is a phenomenal change in the height of the nn correlation as observed by S. J. Gaff et al, Phys. Rev. C 58, 2161-2166 (1998) as compared to GANIL measurements at slightly higher energy, R. Ghetti et al., PRC 62, 037603 (2000). A less dramatic change was seen with IMF correlations, Bauge et al, prl70 3705 (93).

The change in various moments seen by the Purdue group is also phenomenal.

There are few theoretical papers which emphasize the nature of the change in dynamics from liquid like (evaporative comp. nucleus) to gas (explosion). I will list two of mine: S. Pratt, C. Montoya and F. Ronning, Phys. Lett. {\bf B349}, 261 (1995) and S. Pratt and M.B. Tsang, Phys. Rev. C{\bf 36}, 2390 (1988).

Although I think this is an important conclusion to be drawn from the data, there was never any consensus as many in the community pushed ideas of critical phenomena rather than dynamics for the change.

I would say this lack of consensus is the major failure of the field. I would say this failure stems from two problems:

too many abandoned the field before a consensus could be reached.

The data are too disjoint (different acceptances, beam energies, definitions of centrality...) This makes it very difficult to make a coherent picture. This is in stark contrast to RHIC where the attention of theorists is focused on a more coherent data set.

There are other less important results, such as the observation of temperatures by the GSI and MSU groups, the development of interferometry, e.g., W.G. Gong et al., Phys. Lett. {\bf B246}, 21 (1990), or the success of thermodynamics in explaining much of the mass distributions and isospin distributions, see any number of papers using the Copenhagen, SMM, etc., treatments.

I hope this helps. It may seem off the cuff, but then it is.

JORGEN RANDRUP:

In Q-1 you ask what I think are the most important advances that I have been involved in (meaning, presumably, coauthored)and ask me to list up to three publications. This is obviously a bit hard, since people's contributions to a given point are typically spread out over several publications. So I will identify a few of my own areas to which I feel that I have contributed significantly and then list the most relevant papers (more than one in each case). This is less an attempt to show off than it is an attempt to be helpful by contributing to the compilation of papers that you need to make in order to prepare the review etc that you aim for. Of course, I do not consider this response to be a comprehensive list of my important contributions but merely my own selection of what I consider to be the most significant ones (in the present WCI context) which is what you want, as far as I understand.

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1) First I want to mention my involvement with statistical multifragmentation models, a topic that has played a central role in the field. Although strictly speaking 22 years old by now, my paper with Koonin [Randrup: NPA356 (1981) 223] must be noted, since it was the first to treat statistical nuclear multifragmentation and (at least, that is what I believe) it stimulated considerable work by many to develop that kind of model, most notable perhaps the work by Gross et al in Berlin and Bondorf et al in Copenhagen.

As mentioned above, the work does not stand alone but was followed by several papers with Fai in which we made the treatment increasingly refined and tractable:

Fai: NPA381 (1982)5 57 Adding sequential evaopration

Fai: PLB 115 (1982) 281 How to do approx microcan sampling

Fai: NPA404 (1983) 551 Complete event generation: FREESCO

Fai: CPC42 (1986) 385 Documented release of FREESCO

Various further refinements:

Koonin: NPA474 (1987) 173 Exact microcanocnial sampling

Randrup: CPC77 (1993) 153 Extension of FREESCO to allow hollow, deformed, charged sources,

endowed with radial flow

The main importance of these contributions is their simple conceptual basis and general practical applicability, so they provide a useful physics reference against which to judge the experimental results (which hopefully would deviate from pur statistics). So this work does not so much predict what the datsa should be but it rather provides a reference model which makes it easier to interpret the experimental results.

MICHELA D’AGOSTINO:

The discovery of the multifragmentation decay channel in heavy-ion collisions, has generated a great deal of experimental and theoretical interest, since the early 90's. The results by C.A.Ogilvie et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.67(1991) 1214 and D.R.Bowman et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.67(1991)1527 prompted the need for sophisticated experimental devices and complex analyses.

In our opinion, they have to be considered the starting point of more modern experimental and theoretical investigations on the equation of state of nuclear matter, on the thermodynamics and on the phase transition of excited and finite systems.

In the field of multifragmentation and phase transition, we point out some publications of our group on above mentioned topics:

M. Bruno et al.,"Production of three nearly equal mass fragments in Xe+Cu reaction at 45 MeV/u" Phys. Lett.B292(1992)251.

M.D'Agostino et al. "Thermodynamical features of multifragmentation in peripheral Au + Au Collisions at 35 A.MeV" Nucl. Phys.A650(1999)329.

M.D'Agostino et al., "Negative heat capacity in the critical region of nuclear fragmentation: an experimental evidence of the liquid-gas phase transition" Phys.Lett.B473 (2000) 219.

MARIA COLONNA:

-Role of dynamical and statistical effects in multifragment production.

Importance of pre-equilibrium emission in determining the properties of

primary fragments.

Colonna M, Roussel-Chomaz P., Colonna N., Di Toro M., Moretto L.G., Wozniak G.J.,

"Dynamics and statistics in multifragment production", Phys. Lett. B 283 (1992) 180

-Spinodal instabilities as a multifragmentation mechanism: fluctuation seeds and growth in unstable systems, described within stochastic mean field approaches.

Chomaz P., Colonna M, Guarnera A., Randrup J., "Brownian one-body dynamics in nuclei",

Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 3512

-Liquid-gas phase transition in two-component systems: the isospin distillation mechanism. The growth of density fluctuations leads to more symmetric high density domains (liquid phase) and

neutron rich low density regions (gas phase).

Baran V., Colonna M., Di Toro M., Larionov A.B., "Spinodal decomposition of low-density asymmetric nuclear matter", Nucl. Phys. A 632 (1998) 287

Giacomo Poggi:

1. S.Piantelli et al: PRL 88 (2002) 052701

2. G.Casini et al: PRL 83 (1999) 2537

3. G.Casini et al: PRL 78 (1997) 828

Larry Phair:

As far as papers that I have been involved with:

Elliott JB, Moretto LG, Phair L, Wozniak GJ, Beaulieu L, Breuer H, Korteling RG, Kwiatkowski K, Lefort T, Pienkowski L, Ruangma A, Viola VE, Yennello SJ. Liquid to vapor phase transition in excited nuclei. Physical Review Letters, vol.88, no.4, 28 Jan. 2002, pp.042701/1-4.

Moretto LG, Ghetti R, Phair L, Tso K, Wozniak GJ. Reducibility and thermal scaling in nuclear multifragmentation. Physics Reports, vol.287, no.3, Aug. 1997, pp.249-336.

Moretto LG, Rubehn Th, Phair L, Colonna N, Wozniak GJ, Bowman DR, Peaslee GF, Carlin N, de Souza RT, Gelbke CK, Gong WG, Kim YD, Lisa MA, Lynch WG, Williams C. Charge correlations and dynamical instabilities in the multifragment emission process. [Journal Paper] Physical Review Letters, vol.77, no.13, 23 Sept. 1996, pp.2634-7.

JAMES ELLIOTT:

"Liquid to Vapor Phase Transition in Excited Nuclei" by J. B. Elliott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 042701 (2002).

First application of a nuclear modified Fisher's droplet model to an exclusive set of multifragmentation data and the determination of a coexistence curve for neutral finite nuclear matter.

"Statistical signatures of critical behavior in small systems" by J. B. Elliott et al, Phys. Rev. C 62, 064603 (2000).

Extensive analysis of an exclusive nuclear multifragmentation data set, comparisons with percolation and randomly generated clusters, evidence of scaling in the fragmentation yields, finite size scaling analysis, extraction of multiple exponents via multiple methods.

"Determination of Critical Exponents from the Multifragmentation of Gold Nuclei" by M. L. Gilkes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1590–1593 (1994).

First measurement of multiple critical exponents from an exclusive set of multifragmentation data.

ALESSANDRO OLMI:

S. Piantelli et al. PRL 88 (2002) 052701

G. Casini et al. EPJ A 9 (2000) 491

G. Casini et al. PRL 78 (1997) 828

4) G. Casini et al. PRL 71 (1993) 2567]

FRANCESCA GULMINELLI:

Developement of transport theories to assess nuclear eos properties from the entrance channel dynamics A.Bonasera, F.Gulminelli, J.J.Molitoris: "The Boltzmann Equation at the Borderline", Phys.Rep.243 (1994)1.

Experimental signals of phase transition in multifragmentation in connection with general statistical mechanics of non extensive systems M.D'Agostino, R.Bougault, F. Gulminelli , M.Bruno, N.Leneindre, Ph.Chomaz, A.Chbihi, O.Lopez: "On the reliability of negative heat capacity measurements", Nucl.Phys.\underline{A 699} (2002) 795.

Developement of the theory of phase transitions in finite systems Ph.Chomaz and F. Gulminelli: "Phase transitions in finite systems", in 'Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Systems with Long Range Interactions', Lecture Notes in Physics vol.602, Springer (2002).

ROLF SCHARENBERG:

Nuclear mass yields from high energy proton nucleus interactions

J. E. Finn et al PRL 49 1321 (1982).

Critical phenomena in hadronic matter and experimental isotopic yields in high energy proton nucleus interactions.

R, W, Minich et al Phys. Lett. 118B 458 (1982)

Comparison of 1A GeV Au + C data with thermodynamics: The nature of the phase transition in nuclear multifragmentation.

R. P. Scharenberg et al Phys. Rev. C 054602 (2001).

LEE SOBOTKA:

The resilience of the binary reaction mechanism

Lott, et al. PRL 68, 3141 (1992).

Discovery of Neutron rich fragments at mid-rapidity but the absence of an overall n-enrichment

Toke, et al, PRL 16, 2929 (1995)

Sobotka, et al, PRC 62, 031603 (2000).

Cluster emission and Coulomb tides

Charity et al, PRC 63, 024611 (2001).

VICTOR VIOLA:

Our results:

Breakup time scale as a function of excitation energy. Demonstrates that that the disintegration above E*/A = 5 MeV is spontaneous, not sequential. Beaulieu et al. PRL 84, 5971 (2000).

Global evidence for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition from hadron-induced reactions. various references -- Viola et al., Nucl. Phys. A681, 267 (2001)/ Beaulieu et al. PRC 64, 064604 (2001)/ Viola et al. The caloric curve from nuclear densities. OK so that's more than one, and the last may or may not fly.

Scaling Laws -- Elliott et al, PRL 88, 042901 (2002) AND Kleine Berkenbusch et al PRL 88, 0227701 (2002). Let's don't forget the latter -- in my opinion, too much has been extracted from the former and not enough from the latter.

Also, If you need an astrophysics connection anywhere, don't forget the LiBeB nucleosynthesis work -- Walker et al. Ap. J. 299, 745 (1985) and Viola and Mathews Sci. Am. 225, 39 (1987).

WOLFGANG TRAUTMAN:

3 papers from our group (basically historical):

Ogilvie et al., PRL 67, 1214 (1991) 'The rise and fall'

Pochodzalla et al., PRL 75, 1040 (1995) 'We can (try to) measure thermodynamic parameters'

Schuettauf et al., NPA 607 (1996) 457 'The partitions follow universal patterns'

JEAN:

My contribution in the field of reaction dynamics is small and old. I think that D. M. Brink, H. A. Weidenmuller and myself were the first in the field of nuclear physics to try to introduce transport equations in phase space in terms of the time-evolution of one-particle distribution

functions providing a microscopic description of heavy ion collisions in the Fermi regime.

J. Richert, D. M. Brink and H. A. Weidenmuller, Phys. Lett. B87 (1979) 6

P. Grange, J. Richert, G. Wolschin and H. A. Weidenmuller, Nucl. Phys.

A356 (1981) 260

I did also some more phenomenological work, see f.i.:

D. Boose, J. Richert, Nucl. Phys. A433 (1985) 511

If the question which is asked relates also to fragmentation, I would quote some contributions concerning percolation concepts (1), their application to experimental results (2) and the introduction of spin models in the study of finite strongly interacting systems (3,4)

The different works can be found in the review paper

Phys. Rep. 350 (2001) 1

(1): ref. 168 therein

(2): ref. 180

(3): ref. 169

(4): ref. 197

Sorry, this is much more than 3 references, but I did not know what exactly was meant under "nuclear reaction dynamics in the Fermi regime".

VIRGIL BARAN:

- The liquid-gas phase transition in two-component systems:

the features of spinodal decomposition in asymmetric nuclear matter and the isospin distillation mechanism, of relevance for the multifragmentation phenomena in charge asymmetric nuclei

Baran V., Colonna M., Di Toro M., Larionov A.B., "Spinodal decomposition of low-density asymmetric nuclear matter", Nucl. Phys. A 632 (1998) 287 and Baran V, Colonna M, Di Toro M, V. Greco Nuclear fragmentation: Sampling the instabilities of binary systems Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 4492-4495

- The zero to first-sound transition for isovector modes in Fermi liquids, of relevance for the disappearance of collective modes at high excitation energies:

Baran V, Colonna M, Di Toro M, A.B. Larionov Zero- to first-sound transition for the giant dipole propagation in hot nuclei Nucl. Phys. A 649: (1999) 185C-192C

Subal DasGupta:

A guide to microscopic models for intermediate energy heavy ion collisions, G. F. Bertsch and S. Das Gupta, Physics Reports volume 160,189-233(1988)

Unified description for the nuclear equation of state and fragmentation in heavy-ion collisions, J. Pan and S. Das Gupta, Phys. Rev C51,1384-1392 (1995)

Phase transition in a statistical model for nuclear multifragmentation, S. Das Gupta and A. Z. Mekjian, Phys. Rev. C57,1361-1365(1998).

MASSIMO DITORO:

- Fragment production in central collisions: evidence of the spinodal mechanism.

M.Colonna, N.Colonna, A.Bonasera and M.Di Toro "Equilibrium features and dynamical instabilities in Nuclear

Fragmentation", Nucl.Phys. A541(1992)295

- Neck fragmentation: a new dissipative mechanism for semicentral dissipative collisions. Properties and energy dependence.

M.Colonna, M.Di Toro and A.Guarnera "Mean Field Instabilities in Dissipative Heavy Ion Collisions" Nucl.Phys. A589 (1995) 160

- Isospin distillation: evidence of a unique instability leading to neutron-poor cluster formation, always of isoscalar-like type, also

in regions of chemically unstable asymmetric matter .V.Baran, M.Colonna, M.Di Toro, V.Greco "Nuclear fragmentation: sampling the instabilities of binary systems" Phys.Rev.Lett. 86 (2001) 4492

Chomaz Philippe:

What do you think are the most important advances in nuclear reaction dynamics in the Fermi energy regime that you have been involved with during the past twenty years? Please list up to three publications in which these advances are presented.

Since 1997 with Francesca Gulminelli, we have started a work on the phase transitions in small systems:

Foundations of a real definition of phase transitions out of the thermodynamical limit (zeroes of the partition sum in complex temperature, chemical potential, magnetic field, … and pressure planes, convexity anomalies of thermodynamical potential, negative heat capacities, succeptibilities, … and compressibilities bimodalities of event distributions and definitions of the order parameter anomalies in fluctuations)

Consequences in different fields of physics

Experimental signatures in nuclear physics

A review can be found in Ph.Chomaz, F.Gulminelli, 'Phase transitions in finite systems', in 'Dynamics and Thermodynamics of systems with long range interactions', Lecture Notes in Physics vol.602, Springer (2002).

Since 1990 with Jorgen Randrup, Maria Colonna and different collaborators we have worked on one scenario for the dynamics of multifragmentation: the spinodal decomposition.

Development of stochastic approaches and simulations of collisions

Link with collective motions through the development of out of equilibrium RPA

Comparison with experiments

A review will soon appear in Physics Report Ph.Chomaz, M. Colonna and J. Randrup, « Nuclear spinodal fragmentation » Phys. Rep. to appear.

At the end of the eighties with Dominique Vautherin we came to the idea that the hot GDR is a typical collective behavior of a liquid system and thus it should be suppressed at the transition. With the Medea group and people from Orsay, Saclay and GANIL we have shown that this is indeed the case.

A review will soon appear in Physics Report Ph.Chomaz, « The nuclear liquid-gas phase transition and phase coexistence » proc. Intl. Nucl. Phys. Conf. (2001} (INPC2001), Ed. E. Norman et al, AIP (2002) 167}

Eric Plagnol:

Introduction

One of the most important advances in this field of physics has taken place when it was realized that the decay of a (very) hot nucleus (E*>3 MeV/A ?) was closer to a "sudden" process rather than to a sequential one.

Parallel to this understanding was the development, in parallel by J.Bondorf and D.H.E.Gross of the framework of the statistical decay of a multi-fragment system. The concept of a "freeze-out" was therefore introduced in this field.

Experimentally, I am not capable of identifying one particular publication which has identified, for the first time, the multifragmentation process. B.Jacobson's famous emulsion picture comes

to mind, but my impression is that, as in reality, more and more complete multifragmentation data was made available as a function of time. There is no precise time-stamp to put on this.

After these first breakthroughs, There was two sets of data that represented important steps:

- The data from Waddington and the analysis made by X.Campi using the percolation framework

- the "Rise and fall of Multifragmentation" published by the Aladin group.

Both of these data had the enormous advantage of providing a global view of the multifragmentation process, i.e. spanning the whole range of excitation energies necessary to go from sequential evaporation to total vaporization.

Let me note that the percolation analysis (quantitatively remarkably accurate) introduced a very novel and intriguing (because supposedly at odds with the statistical picture) framework into the field, probably not correctly understood until the most recent period (see below).

The duality "statistical/percolation" replaced the "sequential/sudden" one, with, at its heart, the problem related to the dynamical path followed by the system before multifragmentation occurs.

It is maybe fair to say that the large majority of actors of this field believe that multifragmentation results from a system in thermal equilibrium. Equilibrium which persists up to the freeze-out density where the interaction between the fragments can be neglected.

Freeze-out densities of the order of 1/6 to 1/3 are quoted, supposedly satisfying the freeze-out condition. A smaller crowd considers that the process is a very fast one and that nuclear matter is more akin to glass and its shattering process (although a quantitative analysis of

such a process was never performed). J.Aichelin is certainly one of those who have worked hardest to promote this picture.

Because (most of) the community is in line with the statistical-freeze-out picture a "consensus" has appeared and fundamental problems are left unanswered. Furthermore, because the type of densities and temperature invoked are consistent with the penetration into the phase-coexistence region, the idea of bringing forward evidence of a phase transition became compelling : this gave rise to the "caloric curve of nuclear matter" and to the experimental

evidence of "negative heat capacities". Undoubtedly both concepts were very attractive and correspond well to the expectations of the community.

As always, when such success and unanimity is achieved, one must question some of the pillars of the temple.

- Why should the system have to wait for all interactions to cease (freeze-out) before deciding where it is going ?

- Are we even sure that, at the densities considered, the interactions are negligible ?

- Why is it observed that, parallel to the statistical equilibrium, part of the energy remains as (radial) kinetic flow. This flow energy can reach very important values (50% of the total) and still the statistical fits to the fragments size distribution remain impressive.

Most intriguing is the fact that although many evidence were given for thermal equilibrium, no experiment ever produced or measured the temperature AND density at which the system was studied. No mapping of the coexistence line was ever attempted. Even such data as the caloric

curve or the negative Cv were never correlated with precise points in the T, Rho or pressure planes.

With a group of theoretician (X.Campi, H.Krivine, and N.Sator) I have worked at understanding these apparent paradoxes. Because nuclear dynamics is so complicated and because we considered these problems to be "generic", we addressed the problem within Classical Molecular

Dynamics.

We have come up with the following observations, that, to some extent are challenging the above mentioned consensus.

- Independently of the density (i.e. even for high densities), fragments can de defined physically through the space-time correlations that exist between the particles that constitute them.

- Interactions between these fragments cease only at very low densities. even at density=0.01, some interaction is present. At 0.13 or 0.3 the interaction energy represents a large fraction of the total energy and cannot be neglected.

- The fragmentation pattern is decided when the system reaches its highest densities (this is where equilibrium has the best chance of being reached) and because the system is NOT bound by any container, the expansion is fast and corresponds to an "out of equilibrium" dynamics. However the fast process preserves, in part, the memory (the fragmentation pattern) of the equilibrium state, allowing the compression energy to be transformed to the observed radial flow, enhanced by the presence of repulsive Coulomb forces.

- Properties of these systems are such that the fragmentation pattern depends almost essentially on the total energy. For this reason, it is expected that a statistical analysis, performed at any density, will be able to "fit" the data even though in reality this density is never

reached at equilibrium. This insensitivity of the statistical model is well known to all those that have practiced this fitting exercise.

Most interesting in terms of physics, is the fact that beyond the coexistence region, such systems display a line (called the Kertez line) where the fragmentation pattern exhibit a power law (note that this line extends to the critical point) whose exponent is the one of

the percolation theory (see above). We believe that nuclear collisions at the Fermi energy allow to reach densities compatible with this Kertez line and that it is this physics of high density supercritical fluids that this field is addressing.

Present calculations show that when crossing this line, signals very similar to those observed as proof of a negative Cv are produced. "Bi-modality" signals are also observed in the same region.

For all these reasons I consider that the present consensus of the scenario of multifragmentation can and should be challenged. We hope that the coming years will bring further proofs supporting this "Little Big Bang" scenario.

Question 1:

- A complete measurement of the Au+Au system between 50 and 150 MeV/A

- The little Big Bang Scenario

Piera Sapienza:

Concerning question 1, my experience in heavy ion collision at intermediate energy has been mostly done with the MEDEA detector, from the construction to the experiments in GANIL first and at LNS with MULTICS later. Thanks to the high efficiency of MEDEA, we have mostly contributed to the field providing pieces of information which are accessible through the study of the photon emission from the MeV to the 100 MeV scale. Results on the hard photons (P. Sapienza et al, PRL94) which provide information on their space-time origin and on the interplay between NN collision and mean-field, the quenching of GDR and their connection with limiting temperature and collectivity in hot nuclei (T. Suomuojarvi et al, PRL94) and more recently the use of softer hard photons to probe the time scale of fragment emission and possible mechanisms(R. Alba. et al NPA 2001 and to be published). Our results are complementary to many different results obtained in other experiments. What I liked more is the possibility of tracing back the story of the collision from the very early phase of the reaction in path towards equilibration by means of gamma rays.

Our results on energetic protons confirm the need for a MDI and show that production of the most energetic protons are not explained in terms of one ant two body interaction(P. Sapienza et al, PRL2001).

Sherry Yennello:

Isospin equilibration

The Use of Radioactive Beams to Study the N/Z Degree of Freedom in Intermediate Heavy-Ion Reactions, S.J. Yennello,

B.M. Young, J. Yee, J.A. Winger, J.S. Winfield, G.D. Westfall, A. VanderMolen, B.M. Sherrill, J. Shea, E. Norbeck,

D.J. Morrissey, T. Li, E. Gualtieri, D. Craig, W. Benenson and D. Bazin, Phys. Lett. B 321, 15 (1994).

Isospin Equilibration in the Reaction E/A = 33, 45 MeV ⁴⁰Ar, ⁴⁰Ca+⁵⁸Fe, ⁵⁸Ni, H. Johnston, T. White, J. Winger,

D. Rowland, B. Hurst, F. Gimeno-Nogues, D. O’Kelly, and S.J. Yennello, Phys. Lett. B 371,186, (1996).

Inhomogeneous distribution of isospin

Inhomogeneous isospin distribution in the reactions of ²⁸Si+ ¹¹²Sn and ¹²⁴Sn at 30 and 50 MeV/nucleon,

M. Veselsky, R.W. Ibbotson, R. Laforest, E. Ramakrishnan, D.J. Rowland, A. Ruangma, E.M. Winchester, E. Martin and

S.J. Yennello, Phys. Rev. C 62, 041605 (2000).

Energy dependence of isoscaling

Energy dependence of the isotopic composition in nuclear multifragmentation
D. V. Shetty, S. J. Yennello, E. Martin, A. Keksis, and G. A. Souliotis
Phys. Rev. C 68, 021602 (2003)

Nicolas   Le Neindre:

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Negative Heat capacity

“Negative heat capacity in the critical region of nuclear fragmentation: an experimental evidence of the liquid-gas phase transition”

M. D’Agostino et al. Phys. Let. B473 (2000), p 219-225

“On the reliability of negative heat capacity measurements”

D’Agostino et al, Nuclear Physics A Vol. 699, issues 3-4 (2000), p 795-818

Spinodal decomposition

“Evidence for spinodal decomposition in nuclear multiragmentation”

B. Borderie et collaboration INDRA, Physical Review Letters vol 86 (2001), p 3252-3255

“Fragment charge correlations and Spinodal decomposition in finite nuclear systems”

G. Tabacaru et collaboration INDRA, Eurpoean Physics Journal A Vol. 18 (2003), p103-116

Central collisions

“Independence of fragment charge distributions of the size of heavy multifragmenting sources”

M.F.Rivet et collaboration INDRA, Physics Letter B 430 (1998), p 217-222

“Multifragmentation of a very heavy nuclear system: (I): Selection of single source events”

J.D. Frankland et collaboration INDRA, Nuclear Physics A689 (2001), p905-939

“Multifragmentation of a very heavy nuclear system: (II): Bulk properties and spinodal decomposition”

J.D. Frankland et collaboration INDRA, Nuclear Physics A689 (2001), p940-964

Marie-France Rivet

First evidence for the formation of hot nuclei of hot nuclei

“Evidence for the formation of highly excited compound-like nuclei (T≅5 MeV) in collisions of 720 MeV C projectiles with ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ¹⁹⁷Au targets.” S. Song, M.F. Rivet et al., Phys. Lett. B 130 (1983) 14.

Determination of energy relaxation times

“Excitation energy partition in deeply inelastic collisions between ⁴⁰Ar and Ag at 27 MeV per nucleon.” B. Borderie, M.F. Rivet et al., Z. Phys. A 338 (1991) 369.

“Energy relaxation time in heavy-ion collisions between 27 and 44 MeV/u.” B. Borderie, M.F. Rivet et al., Z. Phys. A 357 (1997) 357.

Multifragmentation: first evidence for spinodal decomposition as the origin of multifragmentation

“Independence offragment charge distribution of the size of heavy multifragmenting sources.” M.F. Rivet et al. INDRA collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 430 (1998) 217.

“Multifragmentation of a very heavy nuclear system (I): selection of single-source events.” J.D. Frankland et al. (INDRA collaboration), Nucl. Phys. A 689 (2001) 905.

“Multifragmentation of a very heavy nuclear system (II): bulk properties and spinodal decomposition.” J.D. Frankland et al. (INDRA collaboration), Nucl. Phys. A 689 (2001) 940.

Wolfgang Bauer:

1)                              Introduction of modern lattice-based phase transition methods into the investigation of the nuclear matter fragmentation phase

transition.  This is the first application of a percolation-based model to nuclear fragmentation.

[W. Bauer, D.R. Dean, U. Mosel, and U. Post, Phys. Lett. B150, 53 (1985).]

2)                              Explanation of high-energy gamma ray production in heavy ion collisions with nuclear transport theories.

[W. Bauer, G.F. Bertsch, W. Cassing, and U. Mosel, Phys. Rev. C 34, 2127 (1986).]

3)                              Using interferometry of the HBT type in transport theories in heavy ion collisions. This paper explained life-time effects, source

 deformation effects, and space-time extension of the source. It showed that simple Gaussian HBT fits were not sufficient.

[W. Bauer, C.K. Gelbke, and S. Pratt, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 42, 77 (1992).]

I have, of course, written many papers on each subject in the subsequent years, but since you only wanted up to three references, those

are the early one.  And these papers each were heavily cited in the literature with 140, 131, and 114 citations, respectively.

Bernard Borderie:

First observations of the persistence of the binary character of dissipative collisions in the Fermi energy domain: fusion but also damped

collisions produce very hot nuclei over a large impact parameter rang, from very central to medium peripheral ones.

B. Borderie et al., Phys. Lett. B205 (1988) 26.

M.F. Rivet et al., Phys. Lett. B215 (1988) 55.

D. Jouan et al., Z. Phys. A340 (1991) 63-77.

Studies of “vaporization” events: characterization of a gas phase (real gas) and positive test of thermal and chemical equilibrium for

extreme conditions (light nuclei and temperature in the range 10-20 MeV).

M.F. Rivet et al., Phys. Lett. B388 (1996) 219.

B. Borderie et al., Phys Lett. B388 (1996) 224.

B. Borderie et al., Eur. Phys. J.A4 (1999) 197-202.

Evidence for spinodal decomposition as the origin of multifragmentation in the Fermi energy domain: complete description proposed

from agreement between experiments and stochastic mean field simulations and more direct signature form charge correlations.

J.D. Frankland et al., Nucl. Phys. A689 (2001) 940-964.

B. Borderie et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 3252.

G. Tabacaru et al., Eur. Phys. J.A18 (2003) 103-116.

The strong effort made for a better understanding of CsI(Tl) response to heavy-ions, which leads to an exact identification of fragments

up to at least Z=20 revealed essential for the charge correlations studies.

M. Parlog et al., Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A482 (2002) 674-692.

M. Parlog et al., Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A482 (2002) 693-706.